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nasa's jet propulsion laboratory

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presents

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the von carmen lecture a series of talks

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by scientists and engineers who are

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exploring our planet our solar system

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[Music]

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it's a shame but living in the city

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very rarely do you get to see stars

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i feel like i have a new connection to

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them in a way that i haven't before

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i'm out in the desert and i look up at

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the sky you just

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see millions and millions of places that

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we should be going

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hey the desire to go and explore right

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that's the whole reason why we left the

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forest and then traveled across oceans

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just to see what's out there

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i was born in 1969 which is the year we

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landed on the moon so i am

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a

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it's too hot the pressure's too high our

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instruments would melt can't drill a

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hole that deep in the earth or other

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planets it turns out

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we can study a planetary core out in

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space because there's this one object

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it's one object called psyche 16 psyche

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is an asteroid that orbits the sun out

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between mars and jupiter it is the only

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asteroid that we're aware of that is 95

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which is about 200 kilometers across in

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one axis so it's about the size of

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massachusetts

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it's believed that it may be a remnant

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core of an early planetesimal that was

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formed in the very very earliest parts

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of the formation of the solar system and

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after this planet started forming and

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this metal core formed inside of that

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collided with other bodies that then

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stripped off the rocky mantle leaving

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the first thing that came actually was

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the theory

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some people from jet propulsion

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laboratory contacted me and said we

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would like to

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plan a mission

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that would test your hypotheses and that

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starts you down a road that takes years

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so we

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wrote a proposal to send a nasa

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spacecraft to visit this this big ball

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of metal and then about a year ago lindy

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gets a phone call you win

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and then we're all like oh my god now we

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psyche gives us the opportunity to visit

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a corps the only way that humankind can

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we've been approved to go in august of

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2022. so we talked with our mission

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design and navigation team and in fact

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they were able to come up with what is

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probably the most optimal trajectory

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flies past mars gives us a gravity

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assist uses that propulsion system to

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then slowly creep up

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so at the end of 2025 getting there in

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ssl is building the solar electric

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propulsion chassis when we do the

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mechanical physical integration of each

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instrument on the spacecraft we'll work

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hand in hand with each of the providers

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to get out the psyche and do a full

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discovery mission we've figured out a

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way for many many people to build

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something together so complicated no one

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person can understand it but it all has

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to work together perfectly for decades

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without fail just the fact that these

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things work at all is a thrill

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that we collaborate with

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that they can build these things it's

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exciting for me to be able to be a woman

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winning and leading a deep space mission

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the only previous

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woman who

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competed won and led a deep space

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mission was maria zuber who was my

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friend and mentor at mit and so my

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drive

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is to make everyone feel welcome and to

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have every voice heard we want as many

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undergraduates as we can we want to

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involve as much of the public as we can

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we want people to feel like

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this is their mission you get that first

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picture back and

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one of the first things that goes

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through myself thank god i didn't leave

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the lens cap

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we will put our pictures out there as

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soon as they come down

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so we'll discover

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at the same time that the public

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discovers we'll be scratching our heads

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it's like i don't know what's going on

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same time everybody else is like wow

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that what is that let's figure it out

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[Music]

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i did get to look at psyche through an

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optical telescope in my backyard some

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it's a very very tiny faint dot

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and that

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made a bunch of us cry to think that we

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could send something to investigate that

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speck of light we can understand this

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universe that we live in we can explore

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it we can learn about it and we can be a

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part of something which is much bigger

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than just us or just this planet we will

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see new things when we visit a world

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made of metal

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welcome everyone my name is mark razzie

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from the public services office at jpl

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i want to thank you all for joining us

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for this edition of the von carmen

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series

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as you saw in our intro video tonight

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we're going to be talking about psyche

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both the asteroid and the mission the

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asteroid is potentially the core of a

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former planet and the spacecraft will be

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sent to explore it

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helping me out tonight as our co-host

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public outreach specialist lindsay

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mclaren hi lindsay

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hi mark thank you so much for having me

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tonight and to everyone watching from

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home we just want to remind you that

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this is your space program and we really

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want you to be involved in the

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conversation tonight

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so from wherever you're joining us use

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the chat feature to ask questions and

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one of our members of our amazing social

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media team will get them to us we'll try

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to answer as many questions as possible

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and for some reason if you don't see the

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chat simply refresh your browser and it

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should be there let's get started mark

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thank you so much lindsay

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so to tell us more about both psyches is

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our very special guest tonight the

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psyche principal investigator

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dr lindy elkins tanton good evening

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lindy thank you so much for joining us

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tonight

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hi it's great to be here thank you so

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much

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it's our pleasure it's our honor thank

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you

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so

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one of the first questions i like to ask

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when we do these things is for all the

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students out there that might be

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watching tell us about what inspired you

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to become a scientist

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um

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you know i i think in some ways i was

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kind of born a scientist i grew up in a

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family where we were just interested in

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i mean i guess

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the currency of our family was interest

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and so be interested in music be

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interested in art be interested in

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nature and my dad would walk us around

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the yard and teach us the latin names of

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plants and stuff um the thing i didn't

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know was what kind of scientist i wanted

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to be

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and maybe i'm still not totally sure

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what kind of scientist i wanted to be

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but it came along and i and i moved kind

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of from biology to earth science and

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then into planetary science there just

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are always bigger and bigger questions

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to ask and that's the thrill of science

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to me

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well that's cool that's a great answer

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so

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being the potential core of a planet

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i think the appeal to explore

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psyche just might be obvious i mean

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that's the coolest thing ever

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the core of a planet but right i mean

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that's just crazy um but how did you get

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involved in the project

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well i had really never contemplated

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leading a mission or proposing a mission

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in the hopes of leading a mission but i

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was studying how planets form and my

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friends and colleagues and i ben weiss

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and maria zuber and i wrote a paper that

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had to do with the formation of the very

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first tiny bodies in the solar system

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these are called planetesimals it means

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tiny planets that were just tens to

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hundreds of miles across and they formed

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really fast early in the solar system

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and they're basically where the material

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from which our big planets were built i

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wrote a paper about this

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and i got an email from a couple of guys

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at jpl daniel weinkert and bruce bill

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saying let's propose a mission to test

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this hypothesis that's what i was

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talking about in the video when i said

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about testing our hypotheses and so we

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started working on it then and and and

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we didn't even know we weren't even

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focused on the asteroid psyche at that

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moment we were just looking for a place

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to learn about those early planetesimals

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and we decided in the end that this

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mysterious really truly unknown asteroid

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psyche was the place to go

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oh that's super cool that's got to be

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such a great feeling to have your

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proposal accepted and know you're going

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to start this journey so cool so tell us

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more about it tell us more about the

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mission

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yeah well as we famously always start

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these descriptions that psyche is both

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the name of the asteroid and the name of

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the mission we're trying to make it

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really easy for people to remember

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what it was about and so it's a robotic

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spacecraft and our launch um our launch

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period opens in under a year on august

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1st 2022 that's our first option to

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launch we're going to launch we'll

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cruise through space for 3.4 years until

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we reach the asteroid and then we're

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going to orbit it for 21 months and try

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to figure out what it is and we've been

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describing it so far as

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maybe the core of a planetesimal that

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got some of the outside rock knocked off

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it through collisions but the truth is

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and here's something i'm going to say a

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couple times

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we don't really know we don't really

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know all right so let's talk about uh

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should we go should we go to the slides

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now go for it jump in all right so what

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we're showing you right here after that

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little intro

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uh is the orientale basin on the moon in

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case any of you thought this was psyche

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this is not psyche we haven't seen

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psyche in anything like this detail

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it's on the limb of the moon it's not

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quite in sight of the earth and this is

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my favorite lunar impact base and i

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encourage you to have a favorite basin

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this is a really good one

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we have this photo thanks to lunar

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orbiter 4 which is a robotic spacecraft

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it took this photo in 1967 when i was

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two

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and with other robotic spacecraft we've

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sworn many rocky bodies in our solar

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system that's the point of my starting

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here a primary rocky target besides the

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moon is of course mars which i'll show

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on the next slide

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and so here is burns cliff on mars what

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a graph by the rover opportunity in

280
00:11:05,670 --> 00:11:04,000
2004. roger burns for whom this was

281
00:11:07,350 --> 00:11:05,680
named was a wonderful person and someone

282
00:11:09,750 --> 00:11:07,360
i knew i took classes for him when i was

283
00:11:11,350 --> 00:11:09,760
an undergraduate so these places the

284
00:11:13,190 --> 00:11:11,360
pictures of the moon the pictures of

285
00:11:14,710 --> 00:11:13,200
mars familiar from decades of

286
00:11:16,710 --> 00:11:14,720
photographs they begin to feel like part

287
00:11:18,630 --> 00:11:16,720
of our natural landscapes

288
00:11:21,269 --> 00:11:18,640
we've also visited planets made of ice

289
00:11:24,389 --> 00:11:21,279
or gas like jupiter on the next slide

290
00:11:25,190 --> 00:11:24,399
we'll show you the beautiful red spot uh

291
00:11:26,790 --> 00:11:25,200
shown

292
00:11:29,990 --> 00:11:26,800
a photo taken from by the juno

293
00:11:33,269 --> 00:11:30,000
spacecraft in 2019 and we visited icy

294
00:11:34,870 --> 00:11:33,279
moons like europa on the next slide

295
00:11:38,470 --> 00:11:34,880
shown here in a photo taken by the

296
00:11:41,350 --> 00:11:38,480
galileo spacecraft in 1996 and so rock

297
00:11:43,509 --> 00:11:41,360
and gas and ice but not yet have we ever

298
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visited a metallic world a world that

299
00:11:47,190 --> 00:11:45,920
had metal on its surface so this is the

300
00:11:48,710 --> 00:11:47,200
the point i'm trying to make here is

301
00:11:51,110 --> 00:11:48,720
that these all these images become

302
00:11:53,829 --> 00:11:51,120
familiar to those of us who love space

303
00:11:56,150 --> 00:11:53,839
but we don't have any photos of psyche

304
00:11:59,110 --> 00:11:56,160
so in the next slide i'll show you what

305
00:12:00,870 --> 00:11:59,120
we think that the asteroid 16 psyche is

306
00:12:03,590 --> 00:12:00,880
we think it's largely made of metal

307
00:12:06,310 --> 00:12:03,600
there are about 40 asteroids classified

308
00:12:08,069 --> 00:12:06,320
as m-type meaning their reflected light

309
00:12:10,550 --> 00:12:08,079
spectra the light that reflects back to

310
00:12:13,350 --> 00:12:10,560
the earth look the same as psyches and

311
00:12:15,110 --> 00:12:13,360
of those only about 10 are candidates

312
00:12:17,430 --> 00:12:15,120
really to be made of metal and psyche is

313
00:12:19,750 --> 00:12:17,440
the largest of these we think that

314
00:12:22,710 --> 00:12:19,760
psyche is actually between 30 and 60

315
00:12:25,509 --> 00:12:22,720
percent metal and tracy drain our

316
00:12:27,269 --> 00:12:25,519
fabulous she's our deputy uh systems

317
00:12:30,470 --> 00:12:27,279
engineer she's gone on to work on europa

318
00:12:31,750 --> 00:12:30,480
clipper in that video she said maybe 90

319
00:12:33,910 --> 00:12:31,760
metal and at the time we wrote the

320
00:12:36,550 --> 00:12:33,920
proposal that was the best data now it

321
00:12:38,470 --> 00:12:36,560
looks like maybe 30 to 60 percent metal

322
00:12:40,310 --> 00:12:38,480
although if it has a lot of pore space

323
00:12:42,470 --> 00:12:40,320
and fractures and it's really a rebel

324
00:12:44,470 --> 00:12:42,480
pile it could be still as high as 80

325
00:12:46,629 --> 00:12:44,480
metal we don't know

326
00:12:49,430 --> 00:12:46,639
and so what else won't we know until we

327
00:12:51,030 --> 00:12:49,440
get there well almost everything

328
00:12:52,870 --> 00:12:51,040
most especially we won't know what the

329
00:12:54,790 --> 00:12:52,880
asteroid looks like until we get there

330
00:12:57,110 --> 00:12:54,800
we have no images of psyche that were

331
00:12:59,110 --> 00:12:57,120
taken closer than from the earth and so

332
00:13:02,069 --> 00:12:59,120
this is an artist's impression by peter

333
00:13:03,910 --> 00:13:02,079
rubin based on our best scientific ideas

334
00:13:04,829 --> 00:13:03,920
now here is what psyche really looks

335
00:13:07,590 --> 00:13:04,839
like from

336
00:13:08,389 --> 00:13:07,600
earth uh if you move to the next slide

337
00:13:10,310 --> 00:13:08,399
now

338
00:13:13,430 --> 00:13:10,320
uh this is this photo of psyche that was

339
00:13:15,110 --> 00:13:13,440
taken from my backyard back in 2017 uh

340
00:13:16,629 --> 00:13:15,120
just after we were selected and we knew

341
00:13:18,230 --> 00:13:16,639
we were going to really do this although

342
00:13:20,150 --> 00:13:18,240
honestly psyche doesn't look that much

343
00:13:22,230 --> 00:13:20,160
different through mount wilson's 60-inch

344
00:13:23,910 --> 00:13:22,240
telescope it's just a point of light so

345
00:13:26,470 --> 00:13:23,920
far away and of course that's what the

346
00:13:27,829 --> 00:13:26,480
word asteroid means it means little star

347
00:13:29,670 --> 00:13:27,839
because that's what they looked like to

348
00:13:32,389 --> 00:13:29,680
the first people who discovered them in

349
00:13:33,110 --> 00:13:32,399
the early 19 early 1800s

350
00:13:34,790 --> 00:13:33,120
so

351
00:13:37,430 --> 00:13:34,800
even though it's just a point of light

352
00:13:39,350 --> 00:13:37,440
psyche is large as asteroids go as

353
00:13:41,910 --> 00:13:39,360
you'll see in the next slide

354
00:13:45,110 --> 00:13:41,920
um psyche is not quite a sphere but if

355
00:13:47,350 --> 00:13:45,120
it was its diameter would be about 226

356
00:13:49,590 --> 00:13:47,360
kilometers and here's how the size

357
00:13:51,750 --> 00:13:49,600
compares to the distances between cities

358
00:13:52,949 --> 00:13:51,760
in southern california and in arizona

359
00:13:54,710 --> 00:13:52,959
where i live

360
00:13:55,910 --> 00:13:54,720
psyches about the size of massachusetts

361
00:13:57,269 --> 00:13:55,920
without the cape

362
00:13:59,110 --> 00:13:57,279
uh it's just a little smaller than

363
00:14:01,670 --> 00:13:59,120
switzerland

364
00:14:03,829 --> 00:14:01,680
and so let me show you now the very best

365
00:14:06,629 --> 00:14:03,839
images we have of psyche

366
00:14:09,550 --> 00:14:06,639
these images on this next slide are

367
00:14:11,670 --> 00:14:09,560
taken using sphere the

368
00:14:13,910 --> 00:14:11,680
spectropolarimetric high contrast

369
00:14:15,829 --> 00:14:13,920
exoplanet research instrument here

370
00:14:18,069 --> 00:14:15,839
turned not toward exoplanets but toward

371
00:14:20,150 --> 00:14:18,079
this little asteroid psyche it's part of

372
00:14:21,829 --> 00:14:20,160
the european southern observatory now

373
00:14:23,430 --> 00:14:21,839
these are pictures of psyche at

374
00:14:25,189 --> 00:14:23,440
different times so you can see how the

375
00:14:28,230 --> 00:14:25,199
shape apparently changes as psyche

376
00:14:29,350 --> 00:14:28,240
rotates which psyche rotates every 4.2

377
00:14:31,990 --> 00:14:29,360
hours

378
00:14:35,110 --> 00:14:32,000
also by the way it goes around the sun

379
00:14:36,310 --> 00:14:35,120
once every 4.99 years just about five

380
00:14:37,670 --> 00:14:36,320
earth years

381
00:14:39,990 --> 00:14:37,680
you can see that psyche is really more

382
00:14:41,750 --> 00:14:40,000
of a potato shape than it is a sphere

383
00:14:43,590 --> 00:14:41,760
and so one of the main questions we have

384
00:14:45,269 --> 00:14:43,600
obviously as i've been talking it's

385
00:14:46,629 --> 00:14:45,279
probably becoming clear is what is

386
00:14:47,990 --> 00:14:46,639
psyche made of

387
00:14:49,910 --> 00:14:48,000
from the characteristics of its

388
00:14:51,590 --> 00:14:49,920
reflected light spectra almost all the

389
00:14:53,829 --> 00:14:51,600
researchers who studied it think its

390
00:14:55,750 --> 00:14:53,839
surface is largely made of metal and the

391
00:14:58,870 --> 00:14:55,760
density of the asteroid is high meaning

392
00:15:00,310 --> 00:14:58,880
that it can't be made just of rock

393
00:15:02,550 --> 00:15:00,320
one thing we can do

394
00:15:04,389 --> 00:15:02,560
is compare the density and the spectra

395
00:15:06,069 --> 00:15:04,399
that reflected light of meteorites we

396
00:15:08,310 --> 00:15:06,079
have here on earth and see if any of

397
00:15:10,389 --> 00:15:08,320
them match the asteroid most meteorites

398
00:15:12,790 --> 00:15:10,399
fault that fall to earth have come from

399
00:15:15,269 --> 00:15:12,800
the relatively recent past from the

400
00:15:16,949 --> 00:15:15,279
asteroid belt and so the meteorites we

401
00:15:18,389 --> 00:15:16,959
have only a few of them come from mars

402
00:15:19,990 --> 00:15:18,399
or the moon most of them come right from

403
00:15:22,150 --> 00:15:20,000
the asteroid belt

404
00:15:24,310 --> 00:15:22,160
so there's one really interesting match

405
00:15:27,189 --> 00:15:24,320
with meteorites that matches psyche in

406
00:15:30,870 --> 00:15:27,199
the next slide these are very strange

407
00:15:33,110 --> 00:15:30,880
meteorites called the cb chondrites

408
00:15:35,269 --> 00:15:33,120
in these two samples the light gray that

409
00:15:37,509 --> 00:15:35,279
you see is iron nickel metal and the

410
00:15:39,509 --> 00:15:37,519
darker parts are silicate rock

411
00:15:41,110 --> 00:15:39,519
there is a lot of metal in these

412
00:15:43,430 --> 00:15:41,120
meteorites and their density and their

413
00:15:44,949 --> 00:15:43,440
spectra is a good fit for psyche but

414
00:15:47,110 --> 00:15:44,959
because these two samples in the

415
00:15:49,509 --> 00:15:47,120
pictures here are really hand sample

416
00:15:50,629 --> 00:15:49,519
sized they're not the size of an

417
00:15:52,550 --> 00:15:50,639
asteroid

418
00:15:54,790 --> 00:15:52,560
here it looks like the rock and the

419
00:15:57,030 --> 00:15:54,800
metal would be very intimately mixed

420
00:15:59,189 --> 00:15:57,040
it's also possible that the metal would

421
00:16:01,590 --> 00:15:59,199
appear in great patches if it really is

422
00:16:03,990 --> 00:16:01,600
the part of a core we don't know

423
00:16:06,629 --> 00:16:04,000
and so how might a metal rich body like

424
00:16:09,030 --> 00:16:06,639
psyche form let's talk about the theory

425
00:16:11,829 --> 00:16:09,040
in the next slide

426
00:16:14,150 --> 00:16:11,839
now start at the top left that big green

427
00:16:15,590 --> 00:16:14,160
circle on the top left very early in the

428
00:16:17,749 --> 00:16:15,600
solar system as i mentioned the

429
00:16:20,310 --> 00:16:17,759
equivalent of just the first few seconds

430
00:16:22,710 --> 00:16:20,320
if our solar system were a year old

431
00:16:24,629 --> 00:16:22,720
tiny planets called planetesimals formed

432
00:16:26,870 --> 00:16:24,639
these planets as i was saying were just

433
00:16:28,550 --> 00:16:26,880
tens to hundreds of kilometers in radius

434
00:16:30,230 --> 00:16:28,560
so around the size of psyche and the

435
00:16:32,230 --> 00:16:30,240
other large asteroids

436
00:16:34,310 --> 00:16:32,240
some of the planetesimals had enough

437
00:16:37,110 --> 00:16:34,320
short-lived radioactive elements in them

438
00:16:38,629 --> 00:16:37,120
particularly this element aluminum 26

439
00:16:40,629 --> 00:16:38,639
that the heat of the radiation actually

440
00:16:42,069 --> 00:16:40,639
melted them like i'm showing in the top

441
00:16:44,069 --> 00:16:42,079
left image here

442
00:16:45,749 --> 00:16:44,079
inside these melted planetesimals the

443
00:16:47,509 --> 00:16:45,759
liquid metals drain to the center

444
00:16:49,030 --> 00:16:47,519
because of their density leaving the

445
00:16:51,590 --> 00:16:49,040
rock that i'm showing here in green

446
00:16:53,749 --> 00:16:51,600
outside that's what you see there and

447
00:16:55,590 --> 00:16:53,759
that planet is called then that process

448
00:16:57,670 --> 00:16:55,600
is called differentiation

449
00:17:00,470 --> 00:16:57,680
the planetesimal differentiated into a

450
00:17:03,030 --> 00:17:00,480
metal core and a rocky exterior so how

451
00:17:04,789 --> 00:17:03,040
do you create an asteroid with a metal

452
00:17:06,309 --> 00:17:04,799
surface from this starting point where

453
00:17:09,510 --> 00:17:06,319
the metal is really deeply in the

454
00:17:11,829 --> 00:17:09,520
interior we assume in our simplest model

455
00:17:13,909 --> 00:17:11,839
for what psyche might be that multiple

456
00:17:15,829 --> 00:17:13,919
impacts struck the planetesimal and

457
00:17:18,630 --> 00:17:15,839
smashed off parts until the core was

458
00:17:20,630 --> 00:17:18,640
revealed as you see on the top right

459
00:17:22,549 --> 00:17:20,640
uh that's our top hypothesis for what

460
00:17:24,949 --> 00:17:22,559
psyche might be we still think that is

461
00:17:26,789 --> 00:17:24,959
the simplest way to explain a body the

462
00:17:28,870 --> 00:17:26,799
size of psyche that has a very high

463
00:17:30,789 --> 00:17:28,880
metal content we think it's still a

464
00:17:33,110 --> 00:17:30,799
remnant a cracked open remnant of a

465
00:17:34,230 --> 00:17:33,120
planetesimal but if you look at the

466
00:17:36,950 --> 00:17:34,240
bottom

467
00:17:39,510 --> 00:17:36,960
there's also the possibility that psyche

468
00:17:41,350 --> 00:17:39,520
might be a planetesimal that never

469
00:17:43,110 --> 00:17:41,360
melted and differentiated here with this

470
00:17:45,270 --> 00:17:43,120
with these brown layers i'm indicating

471
00:17:47,270 --> 00:17:45,280
it just heated up it never melted

472
00:17:49,029 --> 00:17:47,280
very few meteorites

473
00:17:51,590 --> 00:17:49,039
from unmelted

474
00:17:53,270 --> 00:17:51,600
parent bodies have the right spectra

475
00:17:55,190 --> 00:17:53,280
or enough metal in them but it's

476
00:17:56,470 --> 00:17:55,200
plausible that psyche might be the

477
00:17:58,470 --> 00:17:56,480
battered remnants of something that

478
00:18:00,230 --> 00:17:58,480
never melted but was just very high in

479
00:18:01,909 --> 00:18:00,240
metal and in a way that would be even

480
00:18:04,470 --> 00:18:01,919
more surprising

481
00:18:06,710 --> 00:18:04,480
and so to summarize psyche might be a

482
00:18:08,789 --> 00:18:06,720
battered differentiated planetesimal

483
00:18:11,590 --> 00:18:08,799
showing its core its core being revealed

484
00:18:13,669 --> 00:18:11,600
from impacts or it might be an unmelted

485
00:18:15,750 --> 00:18:13,679
undifferentiated planet chest with a lot

486
00:18:17,909 --> 00:18:15,760
of metal in it so either way this is

487
00:18:19,830 --> 00:18:17,919
surprising and maybe i could maybe it

488
00:18:22,630 --> 00:18:19,840
might be clear at this moment to say why

489
00:18:24,870 --> 00:18:22,640
this is so intriguing to me because that

490
00:18:26,630 --> 00:18:24,880
top hypothesis it melted and

491
00:18:29,430 --> 00:18:26,640
differentiated and then was battered

492
00:18:31,669 --> 00:18:29,440
until the core showed is pretty unlikely

493
00:18:33,750 --> 00:18:31,679
it takes a lot of coincidence as many

494
00:18:35,909 --> 00:18:33,760
strikes that that knocked rock off

495
00:18:39,110 --> 00:18:35,919
without breaking it entirely apart or

496
00:18:41,270 --> 00:18:39,120
without uh mashing it into a larger body

497
00:18:43,510 --> 00:18:41,280
it's it's it's there's a little bit of

498
00:18:45,110 --> 00:18:43,520
unlikeliness in that top in that top one

499
00:18:47,350 --> 00:18:45,120
but the bottom one where it didn't melt

500
00:18:49,190 --> 00:18:47,360
at all but it still has a lot of metal

501
00:18:51,669 --> 00:18:49,200
we have very few samples that match that

502
00:18:54,070 --> 00:18:51,679
either so either one of these top ideas

503
00:18:55,590 --> 00:18:54,080
is pretty unlikely and so the key

504
00:18:57,750 --> 00:18:55,600
message i want to give you right now is

505
00:18:59,350 --> 00:18:57,760
though we have these ideas they're based

506
00:19:01,350 --> 00:18:59,360
on data they're based on good theory

507
00:19:02,950 --> 00:19:01,360
they're based on models we do not know

508
00:19:04,390 --> 00:19:02,960
them to be correct and when we get there

509
00:19:07,029 --> 00:19:04,400
we will be surprised it will be

510
00:19:09,029 --> 00:19:07,039
something we're not expecting

511
00:19:11,510 --> 00:19:09,039
so now in the next slide you can see

512
00:19:14,630 --> 00:19:11,520
what we were depicting with our cover

513
00:19:16,390 --> 00:19:14,640
art of our step two proposal before we

514
00:19:18,630 --> 00:19:16,400
won this was the cover the cover art

515
00:19:20,789 --> 00:19:18,640
also by peter rubin this is just after

516
00:19:22,950 --> 00:19:20,799
an impact between two planetesimals you

517
00:19:25,110 --> 00:19:22,960
can see the impactor screaming off to

518
00:19:26,870 --> 00:19:25,120
the bottom left and at the top right you

519
00:19:28,950 --> 00:19:26,880
see the red hot metal core of the

520
00:19:31,270 --> 00:19:28,960
planetesimal being revealed from under

521
00:19:33,430 --> 00:19:31,280
shrouds of disturbed rock so maybe this

522
00:19:35,510 --> 00:19:33,440
is what psyche is so let's move on to

523
00:19:38,150 --> 00:19:35,520
the mission itself

524
00:19:39,750 --> 00:19:38,160
the psyche mission is lead out of

525
00:19:42,470 --> 00:19:39,760
arizona state university which you'll

526
00:19:45,029 --> 00:19:42,480
see in the next slide where i am and

527
00:19:47,190 --> 00:19:45,039
managed by jet propulsion laboratory and

528
00:19:49,430 --> 00:19:47,200
our industry partner who built the

529
00:19:51,909 --> 00:19:49,440
chassis and the solar electric power

530
00:19:53,909 --> 00:19:51,919
system for the spacecraft is r

531
00:19:55,750 --> 00:19:53,919
we have three science instruments we're

532
00:19:56,710 --> 00:19:55,760
going to fly the payload

533
00:19:58,710 --> 00:19:56,720
um

534
00:20:00,950 --> 00:19:58,720
and a gravity science experiment the

535
00:20:02,390 --> 00:20:00,960
gamma ray and neutron spectrometer a

536
00:20:04,870 --> 00:20:02,400
kind of instrument i really didn't know

537
00:20:06,789 --> 00:20:04,880
much about before about 10 years ago

538
00:20:09,430 --> 00:20:06,799
will tell us the elemental composition

539
00:20:11,029 --> 00:20:09,440
of psyche surface while we're in orbit

540
00:20:13,830 --> 00:20:11,039
and that's being built by applied

541
00:20:15,270 --> 00:20:13,840
physics lab that instrument has recently

542
00:20:16,950 --> 00:20:15,280
been delivered to jet propulsion

543
00:20:19,990 --> 00:20:16,960
laboratory to be integrated onto the

544
00:20:22,470 --> 00:20:20,000
spacecraft and it is just about the

545
00:20:23,909 --> 00:20:22,480
finest one of its kind of instrument

546
00:20:25,669 --> 00:20:23,919
that's ever been built we're really

547
00:20:26,789 --> 00:20:25,679
excited about how that one's turned down

548
00:20:28,710 --> 00:20:26,799
full job

549
00:20:30,549 --> 00:20:28,720
the imagers that is the cameras come

550
00:20:32,549 --> 00:20:30,559
from male and space science systems and

551
00:20:34,870 --> 00:20:32,559
arizona state university and the

552
00:20:36,870 --> 00:20:34,880
magnetometers with which we'll find out

553
00:20:38,549 --> 00:20:36,880
did psyche have a magnetic field did it

554
00:20:40,070 --> 00:20:38,559
once have a core dynamo the way the

555
00:20:42,230 --> 00:20:40,080
earth did maybe

556
00:20:44,470 --> 00:20:42,240
uh or built come from danish technical

557
00:20:46,549 --> 00:20:44,480
university and the gravity experiment is

558
00:20:48,149 --> 00:20:46,559
led out of mit so these three

559
00:20:49,430 --> 00:20:48,159
experiments in the gravity experiment

560
00:20:51,830 --> 00:20:49,440
together

561
00:20:54,070 --> 00:20:51,840
are enough to be able to answer these

562
00:20:56,070 --> 00:20:54,080
questions we're asking about psyche

563
00:20:58,149 --> 00:20:56,080
they were extremely carefully selected

564
00:21:00,310 --> 00:20:58,159
to be able to together

565
00:21:02,390 --> 00:21:00,320
decipher what psyche might be

566
00:21:03,750 --> 00:21:02,400
considering the very broad landscape of

567
00:21:05,190 --> 00:21:03,760
possibilities because if you think about

568
00:21:06,950 --> 00:21:05,200
it think back to those first slides i

569
00:21:08,789 --> 00:21:06,960
was showing we've been to the moon many

570
00:21:10,230 --> 00:21:08,799
times we've been to mars many times we

571
00:21:12,470 --> 00:21:10,240
have many many photographs of these

572
00:21:14,149 --> 00:21:12,480
places it's seldom that we go to a place

573
00:21:15,510 --> 00:21:14,159
where we have no photographs so we don't

574
00:21:16,390 --> 00:21:15,520
know what to expect so that's what we're

575
00:21:18,149 --> 00:21:16,400
doing

576
00:21:20,630 --> 00:21:18,159
we've worked really hard to unite these

577
00:21:22,549 --> 00:21:20,640
sub teams into one transparently

578
00:21:24,549 --> 00:21:22,559
communicative team and one of our big

579
00:21:27,029 --> 00:21:24,559
successes is jpl and maxar who've

580
00:21:29,029 --> 00:21:27,039
developed ways to work really seamlessly

581
00:21:32,230 --> 00:21:29,039
we're very excited that maxar is lending

582
00:21:33,909 --> 00:21:32,240
the solar electric expertise uh to jpl's

583
00:21:35,750 --> 00:21:33,919
expertise in this area and we're sending

584
00:21:37,350 --> 00:21:35,760
the first hall effect thruster outside

585
00:21:38,870 --> 00:21:37,360
of earth moon orbit

586
00:21:40,950 --> 00:21:38,880
so in the next slide you'll see what the

587
00:21:43,350 --> 00:21:40,960
how big the spacecraft and how it will

588
00:21:45,669 --> 00:21:43,360
look after it unfolds its solar arrays

589
00:21:47,270 --> 00:21:45,679
once it's in space you see the person to

590
00:21:49,909 --> 00:21:47,280
the left it's about the size of a

591
00:21:52,789 --> 00:21:49,919
singles tennis court and the solar rays

592
00:21:54,630 --> 00:21:52,799
will produce 20 kilowatts at earth orbit

593
00:21:56,390 --> 00:21:54,640
and only about one tenth of that by the

594
00:21:58,230 --> 00:21:56,400
time we're out at psyche because the

595
00:22:00,950 --> 00:21:58,240
because the uh sunlight is so much

596
00:22:02,630 --> 00:22:00,960
weaker at that distance

597
00:22:06,310 --> 00:22:02,640
the next slide you'll see

598
00:22:08,070 --> 00:22:06,320
an image of a spacex falcon heavy launch

599
00:22:10,470 --> 00:22:08,080
and we are going to be on a falcon heavy

600
00:22:13,029 --> 00:22:10,480
for all our launch out of cape canaveral

601
00:22:14,789 --> 00:22:13,039
uh spacex will be attempting to land the

602
00:22:17,190 --> 00:22:14,799
boosters that's a real personal thrill

603
00:22:19,110 --> 00:22:17,200
for me and again our launch period opens

604
00:22:20,549 --> 00:22:19,120
august 1st and so keep your fingers

605
00:22:22,070 --> 00:22:20,559
crossed we have so much work to do

606
00:22:23,909 --> 00:22:22,080
between now and then

607
00:22:26,710 --> 00:22:23,919
so in the next slide how do we make all

608
00:22:28,870 --> 00:22:26,720
this work it is all about the people

609
00:22:30,950 --> 00:22:28,880
people make all the miracles and people

610
00:22:33,270 --> 00:22:30,960
make all the tragedies

611
00:22:35,590 --> 00:22:33,280
so much of our effectiveness and success

612
00:22:37,830 --> 00:22:35,600
depends upon how we treat each other

613
00:22:39,430 --> 00:22:37,840
positive team culture matters it matters

614
00:22:41,830 --> 00:22:39,440
because when everyone is invited to be

615
00:22:43,830 --> 00:22:41,840
heard then more ideas are available

616
00:22:46,070 --> 00:22:43,840
calmer heads think better and better

617
00:22:47,669 --> 00:22:46,080
decisions are made and therefore project

618
00:22:50,549 --> 00:22:47,679
risk is reduced it's actually a

619
00:22:52,390 --> 00:22:50,559
significant way to reduce project risk

620
00:22:53,990 --> 00:22:52,400
this is a photo of just a small part of

621
00:22:55,590 --> 00:22:54,000
the team here in front of a max our

622
00:22:56,950 --> 00:22:55,600
building at our step two site visit

623
00:22:58,310 --> 00:22:56,960
before we won

624
00:22:59,830 --> 00:22:58,320
we've worked very hard to create this

625
00:23:01,909 --> 00:22:59,840
culture where we share our challenges

626
00:23:04,070 --> 00:23:01,919
and errors willingly and help people

627
00:23:05,750 --> 00:23:04,080
step in to help our relationship with

628
00:23:07,350 --> 00:23:05,760
nasa headquarters has been especially

629
00:23:09,350 --> 00:23:07,360
positive and supportive i think as a

630
00:23:11,750 --> 00:23:09,360
result of this policy we have an

631
00:23:14,070 --> 00:23:11,760
unofficial motto which is the best news

632
00:23:16,070 --> 00:23:14,080
is bad news brought early brought early

633
00:23:17,909 --> 00:23:16,080
so we can do something about it

634
00:23:19,510 --> 00:23:17,919
so think about that fundamental

635
00:23:21,830 --> 00:23:19,520
astonishment of being able to create a

636
00:23:23,750 --> 00:23:21,840
robot so complicated that no one person

637
00:23:25,750 --> 00:23:23,760
understands all of how it works this is

638
00:23:27,510 --> 00:23:25,760
this giant step in human evolution the

639
00:23:30,070 --> 00:23:27,520
ability to create a mechanism this

640
00:23:32,230 --> 00:23:30,080
complex and successful and i think part

641
00:23:35,190 --> 00:23:32,240
of the reason we explore space

642
00:23:37,510 --> 00:23:35,200
is to show how bold and brave we can be

643
00:23:39,110 --> 00:23:37,520
as a species and what we can do so if we

644
00:23:40,310 --> 00:23:39,120
can do this think of what we can do here

645
00:23:41,750 --> 00:23:40,320
on earth

646
00:23:43,669 --> 00:23:41,760
the next slide

647
00:23:46,070 --> 00:23:43,679
the next to last slide i'll show you

648
00:23:47,590 --> 00:23:46,080
that we are dedicated to outreach and

649
00:23:49,669 --> 00:23:47,600
student engagement for all of these very

650
00:23:51,510 --> 00:23:49,679
reasons if you look at this graph on the

651
00:23:53,430 --> 00:23:51,520
horizontal axis the one along the bottom

652
00:23:55,350 --> 00:23:53,440
is the timeline from the time we were

653
00:23:57,669 --> 00:23:55,360
selected in september actually were

654
00:23:58,870 --> 00:23:57,679
selected in january of 2017 but right

655
00:24:00,789 --> 00:23:58,880
that year when we got student

656
00:24:03,029 --> 00:24:00,799
collaborations going in september all

657
00:24:04,470 --> 00:24:03,039
the way up to may of 2021

658
00:24:06,630 --> 00:24:04,480
and on the vertical axis is the

659
00:24:09,750 --> 00:24:06,640
cumulative student participation every

660
00:24:11,430 --> 00:24:09,760
horizontal purple line is one student

661
00:24:12,710 --> 00:24:11,440
and the length of the line shows the

662
00:24:14,630 --> 00:24:12,720
time period over which they were

663
00:24:16,390 --> 00:24:14,640
involved so mostly students are involved

664
00:24:18,950 --> 00:24:16,400
during the school year these are college

665
00:24:21,190 --> 00:24:18,960
and university students but some

666
00:24:22,390 --> 00:24:21,200
students have gone on to work in fact

667
00:24:23,909 --> 00:24:22,400
some have been with us through the whole

668
00:24:26,630 --> 00:24:23,919
mission so far

669
00:24:28,070 --> 00:24:26,640
since we started in september of 2017

670
00:24:30,549 --> 00:24:28,080
nine months after selection we've had

671
00:24:33,029 --> 00:24:30,559
almost 900 students participate in our

672
00:24:35,510 --> 00:24:33,039
four student collaboration programs we

673
00:24:37,350 --> 00:24:35,520
have capstone projects where they're

674
00:24:39,350 --> 00:24:37,360
given real problems the psyche mission

675
00:24:41,430 --> 00:24:39,360
is facing from hardware to software

676
00:24:43,510 --> 00:24:41,440
public engagement and science we have 11

677
00:24:44,870 --> 00:24:43,520
universities working with us with

678
00:24:47,350 --> 00:24:44,880
capstone teams

679
00:24:49,510 --> 00:24:47,360
we have a psyche inspired art program we

680
00:24:51,590 --> 00:24:49,520
compete and then choose 16 student

681
00:24:53,190 --> 00:24:51,600
artists every year and they're supported

682
00:24:54,950 --> 00:24:53,200
then to create original artworks that

683
00:24:57,830 --> 00:24:54,960
have to do with space exploration and

684
00:25:00,230 --> 00:24:57,840
psyche and being part of a team we've

685
00:25:03,029 --> 00:25:00,240
engaged 30 universities in that program

686
00:25:04,950 --> 00:25:03,039
we also have free online courses in the

687
00:25:07,029 --> 00:25:04,960
evolution and life cycle of a space

688
00:25:08,870 --> 00:25:07,039
mission and in creating inclusive teams

689
00:25:10,549 --> 00:25:08,880
and those are available through our

690
00:25:13,029 --> 00:25:10,559
psyche website which i will show you on

691
00:25:15,190 --> 00:25:13,039
the next slide our final slide

692
00:25:17,110 --> 00:25:15,200
i want to thank you all so much for your

693
00:25:19,830 --> 00:25:17,120
time today and i hope you'll join us on

694
00:25:22,549 --> 00:25:19,840
twitter face facebook and instagram and

695
00:25:25,190 --> 00:25:22,559
and and on our website uh for psyche the

696
00:25:28,310 --> 00:25:25,200
journey to a metal rich world thank you

697
00:25:30,710 --> 00:25:28,320
so much

698
00:25:32,310 --> 00:25:30,720
wow lindy that's uh that's amazing thank

699
00:25:33,990 --> 00:25:32,320
you so much for sharing that with us and

700
00:25:35,430 --> 00:25:34,000
you know blasting through it in that

701
00:25:36,149 --> 00:25:35,440
short amount of time

702
00:25:37,990 --> 00:25:36,159
so

703
00:25:39,669 --> 00:25:38,000
um i think we'd like to go to see if we

704
00:25:41,110 --> 00:25:39,679
have any questions so lindsay how are

705
00:25:43,190 --> 00:25:41,120
things looking out there in the social

706
00:25:45,190 --> 00:25:43,200
media world

707
00:25:47,269 --> 00:25:45,200
we have had an abundant amount of

708
00:25:49,830 --> 00:25:47,279
questions for you lindy the first one is

709
00:25:52,390 --> 00:25:49,840
going to come from finn on facebook and

710
00:25:55,110 --> 00:25:52,400
he was wondering how do you determine

711
00:25:57,669 --> 00:25:55,120
what this particular rock is metal rich

712
00:25:59,590 --> 00:25:57,679
or likely to be

713
00:26:01,909 --> 00:25:59,600
that is such a great question how can we

714
00:26:04,310 --> 00:26:01,919
possibly tell from here what psyche is

715
00:26:06,230 --> 00:26:04,320
made of well the first clue that people

716
00:26:09,110 --> 00:26:06,240
have been looking at now for over a

717
00:26:11,190 --> 00:26:09,120
decade is the density of psyche it turns

718
00:26:13,110 --> 00:26:11,200
out we have ways to tell

719
00:26:14,789 --> 00:26:13,120
when asteroids have very small

720
00:26:18,310 --> 00:26:14,799
gravitational interactions with other

721
00:26:20,710 --> 00:26:18,320
bodies and by guessing at their size

722
00:26:22,710 --> 00:26:20,720
estimating their size and knowing the

723
00:26:24,390 --> 00:26:22,720
gravitational interaction between bodies

724
00:26:26,390 --> 00:26:24,400
we can know both their volume

725
00:26:27,430 --> 00:26:26,400
and their mass and that gives their

726
00:26:29,990 --> 00:26:27,440
density

727
00:26:32,390 --> 00:26:30,000
and if you remember those best images i

728
00:26:35,830 --> 00:26:32,400
have of psyche that i showed

729
00:26:38,230 --> 00:26:35,840
the many different images of it rotating

730
00:26:40,470 --> 00:26:38,240
you could see how using a computer model

731
00:26:43,029 --> 00:26:40,480
you could get the volume of psyche from

732
00:26:44,950 --> 00:26:43,039
those images so then we get the density

733
00:26:47,350 --> 00:26:44,960
now we know how dense rock is we know

734
00:26:49,669 --> 00:26:47,360
how dense metal is metal is twice as

735
00:26:50,710 --> 00:26:49,679
dense as rock

736
00:26:52,070 --> 00:26:50,720
yeah we're going to go look at those

737
00:26:52,950 --> 00:26:52,080
pictures which is great i think that

738
00:26:54,870 --> 00:26:52,960
they're

739
00:26:57,430 --> 00:26:54,880
earlier in the than you started there we

740
00:27:00,149 --> 00:26:57,440
go those guys so using a computer model

741
00:27:01,430 --> 00:27:00,159
of those you can estimate the volume and

742
00:27:02,789 --> 00:27:01,440
looking at the gravitational

743
00:27:04,390 --> 00:27:02,799
interactions between psyche and other

744
00:27:05,990 --> 00:27:04,400
bodies you can get the mass and that way

745
00:27:07,990 --> 00:27:06,000
you get the density and i should say

746
00:27:09,590 --> 00:27:08,000
that this team beacon koski has done a

747
00:27:10,870 --> 00:27:09,600
super job but there are three or four

748
00:27:12,149 --> 00:27:10,880
other teams who've also done it

749
00:27:14,950 --> 00:27:12,159
independently

750
00:27:16,390 --> 00:27:14,960
they agree within say 10 to 30 so we

751
00:27:18,549 --> 00:27:16,400
don't really know exactly what the

752
00:27:20,870 --> 00:27:18,559
density is but we know psyche is too

753
00:27:23,190 --> 00:27:20,880
dense to be just rock it has to be rock

754
00:27:24,789 --> 00:27:23,200
plus metal so we know that for sure and

755
00:27:26,549 --> 00:27:24,799
the next thing we do is we look at the

756
00:27:28,149 --> 00:27:26,559
reflected light off the surface you can

757
00:27:29,830 --> 00:27:28,159
just look at it through a telescope and

758
00:27:32,789 --> 00:27:29,840
analyze the light cut that comes in the

759
00:27:35,669 --> 00:27:32,799
telescope and see whether it has the

760
00:27:37,669 --> 00:27:35,679
same spectral characteristic as sunlight

761
00:27:39,430 --> 00:27:37,679
or if material on psyche is actually

762
00:27:41,430 --> 00:27:39,440
absorbing some of that light rather than

763
00:27:44,149 --> 00:27:41,440
reflecting it off and we can compare

764
00:27:47,190 --> 00:27:44,159
that spectra to meteorites and to pure

765
00:27:49,510 --> 00:27:47,200
materials this is work that jim bell and

766
00:27:51,669 --> 00:27:49,520
dibber doing an asu in particular and it

767
00:27:53,750 --> 00:27:51,679
does look like the spectrum matches

768
00:27:55,190 --> 00:27:53,760
something that is very rich in metal so

769
00:27:57,029 --> 00:27:55,200
those are two really good ways you can

770
00:27:59,110 --> 00:27:57,039
also look at radar bounces if you can

771
00:28:01,190 --> 00:27:59,120
believe it we can actually bounce radar

772
00:28:03,669 --> 00:28:01,200
sadly this was done mostly with arecibo

773
00:28:05,350 --> 00:28:03,679
now crushed uh through the loss of its

774
00:28:07,269 --> 00:28:05,360
towers uh

775
00:28:08,389 --> 00:28:07,279
this is to me a miracle anybody who's

776
00:28:10,149 --> 00:28:08,399
listening who doesn't know about this

777
00:28:11,909 --> 00:28:10,159
maybe you'll be amazed as i as i was

778
00:28:14,070 --> 00:28:11,919
when i first learned about this they can

779
00:28:16,470 --> 00:28:14,080
actually bounce a radar beam from

780
00:28:17,990 --> 00:28:16,480
arecibo off of psyche

781
00:28:20,310 --> 00:28:18,000
three times further from the sun than

782
00:28:22,789 --> 00:28:20,320
earth is and catch the return from the

783
00:28:24,549 --> 00:28:22,799
reflection off of of psyche and tell

784
00:28:26,230 --> 00:28:24,559
things about the characteristics of its

785
00:28:29,190 --> 00:28:26,240
surface from the kind of radar that's

786
00:28:31,110 --> 00:28:29,200
returned so all those pieces of data

787
00:28:46,149 --> 00:28:31,120
amazingly gathered by us here on earth

788
00:28:50,230 --> 00:28:49,029
yes our next question comes from medea27

789
00:28:51,750 --> 00:28:50,240
on youtube

790
00:28:54,149 --> 00:28:51,760
and they would like to know how do you

791
00:28:56,310 --> 00:28:54,159
manage the integration of the work of so

792
00:28:57,350 --> 00:28:56,320
many different teams

793
00:28:58,789 --> 00:28:57,360
oh

794
00:29:00,149 --> 00:28:58,799
yeah this is something i'm learning

795
00:29:01,909 --> 00:29:00,159
about because it's not something i was

796
00:29:04,230 --> 00:29:01,919
trained in for this you need your

797
00:29:06,070 --> 00:29:04,240
professional project manager for us it's

798
00:29:08,070 --> 00:29:06,080
henry stone at jet propulsion laboratory

799
00:29:10,389 --> 00:29:08,080
and you saw him in that video uh

800
00:29:11,510 --> 00:29:10,399
fantastic person to work with you could

801
00:29:14,230 --> 00:29:11,520
imagine

802
00:29:16,230 --> 00:29:14,240
how much study has gone into the theory

803
00:29:17,269 --> 00:29:16,240
of how you get teams of people to work

804
00:29:20,710 --> 00:29:17,279
like this

805
00:29:23,430 --> 00:29:20,720
and one of the ways uh that it happens

806
00:29:25,110 --> 00:29:23,440
is through the system of requirements so

807
00:29:26,870 --> 00:29:25,120
starting from the very top there are

808
00:29:28,950 --> 00:29:26,880
five main science things we want to

809
00:29:30,710 --> 00:29:28,960
answer on this mission and we write down

810
00:29:33,110 --> 00:29:30,720
exactly what measurements we need in

811
00:29:35,110 --> 00:29:33,120
order to answer those three those five

812
00:29:37,350 --> 00:29:35,120
science questions and then what we need

813
00:29:38,630 --> 00:29:37,360
to build for an instrument in order to

814
00:29:40,310 --> 00:29:38,640
make those measurements and then what

815
00:29:42,070 --> 00:29:40,320
kind of spacecraft we have to build in

816
00:29:43,990 --> 00:29:42,080
order to support those instruments and

817
00:29:46,070 --> 00:29:44,000
you go on and on and down in detail

818
00:29:47,590 --> 00:29:46,080
until you have requirements for every

819
00:29:49,909 --> 00:29:47,600
single little part of the spacecraft

820
00:29:51,669 --> 00:29:49,919
that needs to be built we have over 2000

821
00:29:53,510 --> 00:29:51,679
requirements for the mission and we

822
00:29:54,870 --> 00:29:53,520
check on every single one of them and

823
00:29:56,789 --> 00:29:54,880
all the teams that are building the

824
00:29:58,549 --> 00:29:56,799
spacecraft are united through this

825
00:30:00,070 --> 00:29:58,559
requirements tree to make sure that we

826
00:30:02,389 --> 00:30:00,080
build something that works exactly how

827
00:30:05,110 --> 00:30:02,399
we want that's one little part of the

828
00:30:07,269 --> 00:30:05,120
theory of uh project systems uh

829
00:30:09,430 --> 00:30:07,279
management that that goes into this at

830
00:30:10,470 --> 00:30:09,440
our peak we had 800 people working on

831
00:30:12,950 --> 00:30:10,480
the team

832
00:30:14,630 --> 00:30:12,960
and so you know to my sadness i don't

833
00:30:16,310 --> 00:30:14,640
even know everyone's name let alone be

834
00:30:18,230 --> 00:30:16,320
able to recognize them

835
00:30:19,909 --> 00:30:18,240
uh but we have this way of bringing

836
00:30:26,389 --> 00:30:19,919
everybody together i think it's

837
00:30:30,070 --> 00:30:27,669
thanks lindy

838
00:30:32,549 --> 00:30:30,080
our next question comes from ethan on

839
00:30:34,710 --> 00:30:32,559
linkedin and he would like to know why

840
00:30:37,110 --> 00:30:34,720
do you suspect that psyche is an old

841
00:30:41,029 --> 00:30:37,120
core

842
00:30:42,710 --> 00:30:41,039
all right so it goes back to that

843
00:30:44,950 --> 00:30:42,720
question of

844
00:30:46,470 --> 00:30:44,960
if we believe that it's mostly metal or

845
00:30:48,470 --> 00:30:46,480
largely metal

846
00:30:51,110 --> 00:30:48,480
we have to ask ourselves

847
00:30:53,510 --> 00:30:51,120
how in planet formation anywhere in the

848
00:30:56,950 --> 00:30:53,520
solar system do we see a situation where

849
00:30:59,190 --> 00:30:56,960
metal is really collected together in in

850
00:31:00,630 --> 00:30:59,200
in high concentration you know if you

851
00:31:02,870 --> 00:31:00,640
walk around on the surface of the earth

852
00:31:04,630 --> 00:31:02,880
and you pick up rocks very few of them

853
00:31:06,070 --> 00:31:04,640
are rich in metal you have to go to

854
00:31:08,070 --> 00:31:06,080
special places you know where there are

855
00:31:09,830 --> 00:31:08,080
mines and things like that and it turns

856
00:31:11,269 --> 00:31:09,840
out that here on earth on the surface

857
00:31:13,269 --> 00:31:11,279
when you find something that's made of a

858
00:31:16,070 --> 00:31:13,279
lot of metal it's usually because of the

859
00:31:18,070 --> 00:31:16,080
processes of water here on earth uh and

860
00:31:19,990 --> 00:31:18,080
so that doesn't really apply to us so on

861
00:31:21,110 --> 00:31:20,000
the planetary scale how do you get a lot

862
00:31:23,110 --> 00:31:21,120
of metal

863
00:31:25,430 --> 00:31:23,120
well the best way that we know is by

864
00:31:27,350 --> 00:31:25,440
core formation this process of melting

865
00:31:29,430 --> 00:31:27,360
and the sinking of that dense material

866
00:31:30,950 --> 00:31:29,440
to the inside of our planets that's

867
00:31:33,750 --> 00:31:30,960
what's inside the earth of course a

868
00:31:35,430 --> 00:31:33,760
great big metal core for the earth

869
00:31:37,029 --> 00:31:35,440
the inside of the core is solid metal

870
00:31:38,710 --> 00:31:37,039
and the outside is liquid metal that's

871
00:31:41,509 --> 00:31:38,720
how we get our magnetic field the

872
00:31:43,830 --> 00:31:41,519
magnetic dynamo is formed by the mixing

873
00:31:46,389 --> 00:31:43,840
of that liquid out of co outer core and

874
00:31:48,549 --> 00:31:46,399
by studying how planets spin

875
00:31:49,990 --> 00:31:48,559
and what their densities are we know

876
00:31:52,549 --> 00:31:50,000
that there's a metal core inside of

877
00:31:54,470 --> 00:31:52,559
mercury and venus and mars and the earth

878
00:31:55,669 --> 00:31:54,480
and also inside the moon there's a small

879
00:31:59,110 --> 00:31:55,679
metal core

880
00:32:01,909 --> 00:31:59,120
so that is seems like the most common

881
00:32:04,310 --> 00:32:01,919
planet-forming process that concentrates

882
00:32:05,590 --> 00:32:04,320
metal so that's why it's our top

883
00:32:07,669 --> 00:32:05,600
hypothesis

884
00:32:09,909 --> 00:32:07,679
but don't forget that there are these

885
00:32:11,830 --> 00:32:09,919
funny meteorites that also have high

886
00:32:13,909 --> 00:32:11,840
metal contents that never melted they

887
00:32:16,870 --> 00:32:13,919
just have a lot of metal maybe they

888
00:32:18,789 --> 00:32:16,880
formed close to the sun that's possible

889
00:32:20,070 --> 00:32:18,799
we might really learn about solar system

890
00:32:22,070 --> 00:32:20,080
processes

891
00:32:24,710 --> 00:32:22,080
that have to do with clumping up those

892
00:32:26,630 --> 00:32:24,720
first bits of dust and pebbles maybe in

893
00:32:28,310 --> 00:32:26,640
a metal rich way that we haven't quite

894
00:32:31,190 --> 00:32:28,320
figured out before maybe that's what

895
00:32:34,149 --> 00:32:31,200
psyche is but really what it comes down

896
00:32:35,750 --> 00:32:34,159
to is that creative aspect of science

897
00:32:37,990 --> 00:32:35,760
we're pretty sure there's a lot of metal

898
00:32:39,750 --> 00:32:38,000
in this asteroid now what are all of the

899
00:32:41,990 --> 00:32:39,760
processes we can think of that are

900
00:32:43,430 --> 00:32:42,000
chemically and physically plausible that

901
00:32:45,350 --> 00:32:43,440
would cause a lot of metal to come

902
00:32:47,190 --> 00:32:45,360
together and these are our favorite ones

903
00:32:49,350 --> 00:32:47,200
and i asked scientists in talks that i

904
00:32:51,430 --> 00:32:49,360
give all around the world how else could

905
00:32:53,269 --> 00:32:51,440
psyche be made and so we collect these

906
00:32:54,870 --> 00:32:53,279
ideas and we encourage people to think

907
00:32:59,750 --> 00:32:54,880
about it because probably it's something

908
00:33:05,190 --> 00:33:02,630
great thank you lindy tim on youtube

909
00:33:08,870 --> 00:33:05,200
asked do you have any idea what the mix

910
00:33:13,269 --> 00:33:10,630
well we again we go for what the

911
00:33:16,310 --> 00:33:13,279
simplest possible answer might be

912
00:33:17,830 --> 00:33:16,320
and if you think about core formation uh

913
00:33:19,509 --> 00:33:17,840
we're almost certain

914
00:33:20,950 --> 00:33:19,519
that the earth's core i mean we're

915
00:33:23,029 --> 00:33:20,960
certain as we could be there are many

916
00:33:25,350 --> 00:33:23,039
different indirect ways to measure

917
00:33:27,990 --> 00:33:25,360
characteristics of the earth core and it

918
00:33:29,509 --> 00:33:28,000
seems like it's it's mostly iron

919
00:33:31,669 --> 00:33:29,519
and some nickel

920
00:33:33,509 --> 00:33:31,679
and then a smattering of other light

921
00:33:35,750 --> 00:33:33,519
elements so

922
00:33:38,149 --> 00:33:35,760
iron is the most common

923
00:33:39,669 --> 00:33:38,159
heavy element that goes into metals in

924
00:33:41,430 --> 00:33:39,679
the solar system and so that would be

925
00:33:43,029 --> 00:33:41,440
your top candidate and then you look for

926
00:33:45,830 --> 00:33:43,039
other kinds of metal that might like to

927
00:33:48,070 --> 00:33:45,840
dissolve into iron and then you look at

928
00:33:49,830 --> 00:33:48,080
the iron meteorites that fall to earth

929
00:33:51,990 --> 00:33:49,840
there are meteorites that fall to earth

930
00:33:55,350 --> 00:33:52,000
that are made almost entirely or in some

931
00:33:57,110 --> 00:33:55,360
cases entirely of iron and nickel metal

932
00:33:58,710 --> 00:33:57,120
so that's what we think psyche is we

933
00:34:00,310 --> 00:33:58,720
think those iron meteorites that fall to

934
00:34:02,070 --> 00:34:00,320
earth are parts of cores of little

935
00:34:04,470 --> 00:34:02,080
planetesimals and i'm talking about hand

936
00:34:06,310 --> 00:34:04,480
samples or boulders the size of your

937
00:34:07,669 --> 00:34:06,320
desk and in a couple of cases there are

938
00:34:09,909 --> 00:34:07,679
even bigger ones like the size of a

939
00:34:12,149 --> 00:34:09,919
garden shed and they're all iron nickel

940
00:34:14,950 --> 00:34:12,159
metal it's mostly iron

941
00:34:16,869 --> 00:34:14,960
maybe two to ten percent nickel there's

942
00:34:18,869 --> 00:34:16,879
copper and then there are other kinds of

943
00:34:20,869 --> 00:34:18,879
metal elements mixed in as well so we

944
00:34:22,470 --> 00:34:20,879
look at that what's the simplest answer

945
00:34:23,909 --> 00:34:22,480
the simplest answer is that it would be

946
00:34:30,470 --> 00:34:23,919
like these meteorites are like the

947
00:34:35,349 --> 00:34:32,710
great thank you lindy and our last

948
00:34:37,349 --> 00:34:35,359
question will be will from musical

949
00:34:39,829 --> 00:34:37,359
wolves on youtube will a return core

950
00:34:43,909 --> 00:34:39,839
sample be made

951
00:34:46,310 --> 00:34:43,919
oh i wish i wish yeah and uh no we we're

952
00:34:48,149 --> 00:34:46,320
not doing a sample return sadly

953
00:34:49,510 --> 00:34:48,159
and so i i hope that you all have been

954
00:34:51,829 --> 00:34:49,520
have been following with great interest

955
00:34:54,790 --> 00:34:51,839
the osiris and rex mission that's gone

956
00:34:56,629 --> 00:34:54,800
to this small fascinating asteroid bennu

957
00:34:59,109 --> 00:34:56,639
and they're bringing back a sample and

958
00:35:00,950 --> 00:34:59,119
the hayabusa missions from jaxa the

959
00:35:03,990 --> 00:35:00,960
japanese space agency that are bringing

960
00:35:04,870 --> 00:35:04,000
back samples um and those are from

961
00:35:06,870 --> 00:35:04,880
uh

962
00:35:08,390 --> 00:35:06,880
bodies like asteroids and asteroids and

963
00:35:11,030 --> 00:35:08,400
other bodies that are quite close to the

964
00:35:12,550 --> 00:35:11,040
earth psyche is very far away it's way

965
00:35:14,870 --> 00:35:12,560
on the other side of mars it's actually

966
00:35:17,829 --> 00:35:14,880
closer to jupiter than it is to mars and

967
00:35:19,109 --> 00:35:17,839
to send a spacecraft out there land take

968
00:35:20,710 --> 00:35:19,119
a sample

969
00:35:23,349 --> 00:35:20,720
take off again and come all the way back

970
00:35:26,470 --> 00:35:23,359
to earth would be so expensive that we

971
00:35:28,710 --> 00:35:26,480
could not possibly afford to do it uh in

972
00:35:31,190 --> 00:35:28,720
the budget that we've got and so we're

973
00:35:33,829 --> 00:35:31,200
you know it's if nasa famously says that

974
00:35:35,750 --> 00:35:33,839
that uh that they start by doing a flyby

975
00:35:37,510 --> 00:35:35,760
of a new object and then you do an

976
00:35:39,190 --> 00:35:37,520
orbiter and then a lander and then a

977
00:35:40,790 --> 00:35:39,200
rover that's kind of the process by

978
00:35:42,470 --> 00:35:40,800
which you learn enough about a body to

979
00:35:44,310 --> 00:35:42,480
always take the next steps we're kind of

980
00:35:46,069 --> 00:35:44,320
skipping the flyby with with psyche and

981
00:35:48,470 --> 00:35:46,079
we're going right to orbiter so we'll

982
00:35:50,150 --> 00:35:48,480
orbit for 21 months but the spacecraft

983
00:35:52,710 --> 00:35:50,160
will not return to the earth and it will

984
00:35:53,750 --> 00:35:52,720
not bring any samples back to earth and

985
00:35:55,910 --> 00:35:53,760
um

986
00:35:58,550 --> 00:35:55,920
i just started today i started a little

987
00:36:00,550 --> 00:35:58,560
uh twitter series uh myth busting about

988
00:36:02,710 --> 00:36:00,560
psyche because there there's a there's a

989
00:36:05,190 --> 00:36:02,720
lot of speculation about it in the press

990
00:36:07,190 --> 00:36:05,200
and uh and i'm here to tell you that uh

991
00:36:09,750 --> 00:36:07,200
psyche is really never a target for

992
00:36:11,910 --> 00:36:09,760
returning to the earth it just would

993
00:36:13,670 --> 00:36:11,920
not comprehensively be economically

994
00:36:15,270 --> 00:36:13,680
feasible to bring it back so psyche is

995
00:36:20,230 --> 00:36:15,280
never ever ever going to come back to

996
00:36:24,230 --> 00:36:22,069
lindy thank you so much lindsay thank

997
00:36:26,390 --> 00:36:24,240
you so much that's all the time we have

998
00:36:28,390 --> 00:36:26,400
for questions tonight

999
00:36:32,150 --> 00:36:28,400
but do you have any parting thoughts for

1000
00:36:36,390 --> 00:36:33,670
well

1001
00:36:38,710 --> 00:36:36,400
i'd like us to think a little bit about

1002
00:36:41,910 --> 00:36:38,720
the miracle that is the fact that we

1003
00:36:43,910 --> 00:36:41,920
humans can explore space and what it can

1004
00:36:45,990 --> 00:36:43,920
do for us uh

1005
00:36:47,589 --> 00:36:46,000
i love to think of what we're doing with

1006
00:36:49,109 --> 00:36:47,599
psyche mission and the other robotic

1007
00:36:51,589 --> 00:36:49,119
missions we're sending as being on

1008
00:36:53,430 --> 00:36:51,599
behalf of all of humankind so in that

1009
00:36:55,510 --> 00:36:53,440
video when jim bell says we're going to

1010
00:36:56,950 --> 00:36:55,520
put these photos up on the internet

1011
00:36:58,790 --> 00:36:56,960
immediately for everyone to see that's

1012
00:37:01,030 --> 00:36:58,800
right we've already been building the

1013
00:37:03,270 --> 00:37:01,040
software pipeline such that within a

1014
00:37:05,030 --> 00:37:03,280
half hour of our receipt the images of

1015
00:37:07,349 --> 00:37:05,040
psyche are going to be free for everyone

1016
00:37:08,870 --> 00:37:07,359
to look at on the world wide web we're

1017
00:37:10,390 --> 00:37:08,880
not going to curate them we're not going

1018
00:37:12,550 --> 00:37:10,400
to save them for the science team until

1019
00:37:14,710 --> 00:37:12,560
we publish or not publish something that

1020
00:37:16,069 --> 00:37:14,720
we think looks i don't know weird or

1021
00:37:17,829 --> 00:37:16,079
unexplainable it's all going to go out

1022
00:37:19,829 --> 00:37:17,839
there so we can all look at it at once

1023
00:37:22,150 --> 00:37:19,839
because i would like space exploration

1024
00:37:24,390 --> 00:37:22,160
to be something that unites us and shows

1025
00:37:26,390 --> 00:37:24,400
us more about our where we are in our

1026
00:37:28,790 --> 00:37:26,400
solar system our perspective of

1027
00:37:31,910 --> 00:37:28,800
ourselves in this planet we live on a

1028
00:37:34,550 --> 00:37:31,920
planet it is our precious planet and we

1029
00:37:36,470 --> 00:37:34,560
as a whole species not just as a country

1030
00:37:38,069 --> 00:37:36,480
or as a single people or as people from

1031
00:37:39,670 --> 00:37:38,079
a single city we all have the

1032
00:37:41,589 --> 00:37:39,680
responsibility for it and i think by

1033
00:37:43,270 --> 00:37:41,599
looking out that helps us figure out

1034
00:37:44,870 --> 00:37:43,280
what we should do at home and i really

1035
00:37:46,950 --> 00:37:44,880
mean that it sounds like a little bit

1036
00:37:48,310 --> 00:37:46,960
high flown but it's very heartfelt and

1037
00:37:50,470 --> 00:37:48,320
that's what i hope that we do with

1038
00:37:52,550 --> 00:37:50,480
psyche mission

1039
00:37:54,310 --> 00:37:52,560
that's that's awesome i know for one i

1040
00:37:55,750 --> 00:37:54,320
can't wait to see the images and to see

1041
00:37:57,430 --> 00:37:55,760
what the science is and what this thing

1042
00:37:59,109 --> 00:37:57,440
is really made of

1043
00:38:01,349 --> 00:37:59,119
so ladies and gentlemen that's all the

1044
00:38:03,430 --> 00:38:01,359
time we have tonight a big thank you to

1045
00:38:05,430 --> 00:38:03,440
our guest lindy we really do appreciate

1046
00:38:07,670 --> 00:38:05,440
you giving us some of your time tonight

1047
00:38:09,750 --> 00:38:07,680
my co-host lindsay thanks for monitoring

1048
00:38:11,030 --> 00:38:09,760
and managing the questions tonight of

1049
00:38:12,790 --> 00:38:11,040
course all of you folks behind the

1050
00:38:14,630 --> 00:38:12,800
scenes that make all of this happen and

1051
00:38:16,310 --> 00:38:14,640
all of you for watching

1052
00:38:18,790 --> 00:38:16,320
please join us next month when we talk

1053
00:38:19,910 --> 00:38:18,800
about how engineers make the science

1054
00:38:23,030 --> 00:38:19,920
possible

1055
00:38:25,910 --> 00:38:23,040
should be a good one stay safe say well